PriesthoodWhen speaking of Abraham, we mentioned how Jesus Christ is the "priest
forever according to the order of Melchizedek." As the "priest for
ever," Jesus is also the completion and fulfillment of the Old Testament
priesthood of the Levites.
In the Old Testament, God ordered Moses to build the tabernacle with a sanctuary for worship and sacrifice.
And let them make me a sanctuary, that I may
dwell in their midst, According to all that I show you concerning the
tabernacle, and all of its furniture, so you shall make it. (Ex 25:8-9)
In the tabernacle there was a sanctuary surrounded by a court yard.
Within the sanctuary was the "most holy place." A special ark was built
to hold the tables of the covenant law surrounded by two cherubim. The
ark was kept in the most holy place. Above the ark of the covenant was
the mercy seat from which Moses would speak to the people (Ex 25:14-22).
In the sanctuary, special tables were placed which held "plates
and dishes for incense" and "flagons and bowls with which to pour
libations."
...of pure gold you shall make them. And you shall set the bread of the Presence on the table before me always. (Ex 25:28-30)
There also was the golden altar upon which the animal sacrifices were offered.
A lamp stand of gold, with "seven lamps for it" which were
lighted with pure olive oil, was placed in the sanctuary. And between
the various part of the tabernacle, curtains were hung.
"And you shall make a veil of blue and purple
and scarlet stuff and fine twined linen; in skilled work shall it be
made, with cherubim; and you shall hang it upon four pillars of acacia
overlaid with gold, with hooks of gold, upon four bases of silver. And
you shall hang the veil from the clasps, and bring the ark of the
testimony in thither within the veil; and the veil shall separate for
you the holy place from the most holy. You shall put the mercy seat upon
the ark of the testimony in the most holy place. And you shall set the
table outside the veil, and the lamp stand on the south side of the
tabernacle opposite the table; and you shall put the table on the north
side. And you shall make a screen for the door of the tent, of blue and
purple and scarlet stuff and fine twined linen, embroidered with
needlework. And you shall make for the screen five pillars of acacia,
and overlay them with gold; their hooks shall be of gold, and you shall
cast five bases of bronze for them. You shall make the altar of acacia
wood, five cubits long and five cubits broad; the altar shall be a
square, and its height shall be three cubits. And you shall make horns
for it on its four corners; its horns shall be of one piece with it, and
you shall overlay it with bronze. (Ex 26:31-27:2)
The priests of the tabernacle were to be the Levites, the men from the tribe of Levi.
Then bring near to you Aaron your brother,
and his sons with him, from among the people of Israel, to serve me as
priests ... (Ex 28:1)
God commanded that special vestments be made for the priests to wear when serving in the sanctuary (Ex 28).
He also ordered that special oil be blended for the anointing of all of
the utensils of the tabernacle, as well as for the anointing of the
priests. He also ordered special incense to be made for burning in the
holy place.
...you shall consecrate them [the furniture
and utensils], that they may be holy; whatever touches them will become
holy. And you shall anoint Aaron and his sons, and consecrate them, that
they may serve me as priests. And you shall say to the people of
Israel, 'This is my holy anointing oil throughout your generations.' (Ex
30:29-31)
And the incense which you shall make according to its
composition, you shall not make for yourselves; it shall be for you holy
to the Lord. (Ex 30:37)
God also provided a very detailed code concerning worship and the
offering of the various sacrifices. He explained which animals should be
selected and how they should be killed. He told which offerings should
be made on which occasions and for what purposes. He gave instructions
about offerings for peace and for praise, for thanksgiving and mercy,
for forgiveness of sins and reconciliation with God in times of
transgression. He also told which feasts should be observed, when they
should be kept and how they should be celebrated, The books of Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy are filled with such specific and detailed instructions.
While passing through the desert and into the promised land, the
People of God carried the tabernacle with them. They set it up in each
place where they camped. Finally, after the crossing of the Jordan River
and the settlement in Canaan, the city of Jerusalem was established by
David the king. David's son Solomon was then commanded by God to build
the temple in which the worship of God would take place and the ritual
sacrifices would be offered.
In the four hundred and eightieth year after
the people of Israel came out of the land of Egypt, in the fourth year
of Solomon's reign over Israel ... he began to build the house of the
Lord. (1 Kg 6:1)
The house of the Lord was of the same pattern as Moses' tabernacle. It
had the outer court, the inner sanctuary and the most holy place in
which the ark of the covenant was kept. It had the altars for incense,
libations and burnt offerings. It had the lampstands and the table for
the bread of the Presence. It had all of the utensils and vestments
necessary for the service of the Lord (see 1 Kg 6-8).
When Solomon finished building the temple, (+c. 960 BC) he conducted a great celebration of dedication.
Then the priests brought the ark of the
covenant of the Lord to its place, in the inner sanctuary of the house,
in the most holy place, underneath the wings of the cherubim.
There was nothing in the ark except the two tab lets of stone,
which Moses put there at Horeb, where the Lord made a covenant with the
people of Israel, when He brought them out of the land of Egypt. And
when the priests came out of the holy place, a cloud filled the house of
the Lord, so that the priests could not stand to minister because of
the cloud; for the glory of the Lord filled the house of the Lord. Then
Solomon said, "The Lord has set the sun in the heavens, but has said
that He would dwell in thick darkness. I have built thee an exalted
house, a place for thee to dwell in for ever." (1 Kg 8:6, 9-13)
Solomon then blessed the people and addressed them concerning the
building of the temple which the Lord promised David that his son would
build. He then offered a long prayer of dedication, asking God to be
with the people and to receive their prayers offered in the temple.
"But will God indeed dwell on the earth?
Behold, heaven and the highest heaven cannot contain thee; how much less
this house which I have built! Yet have regard to the prayer of thy
servant and to his supplication, 0 Lord my God, hearkening to the cry
and to the prayer which Thy servant prays before Thee this day; that
Thine eyes may be open night and day toward this house, the place of
which Thou hast said, 'My name shall be there,' that Thou mayest hearken
to the prayer which Thy servant offers toward this place. And hearken
Thou to the supplication of Thy servant and of Thy people Israel, when
they pray toward this place; yea, hear Thou in heaven Thy dwelling
place; and when Thou hearest, forgive." (l Kg 8:27-30)
Thus, the temple which Solomon built to the Lord became the sole place
for the formal worship and the priestly sacrifices of the People of God.
The temple was destroyed during the time of Babylonian captivity, and
was restored in the time of Ezra and Nehemiah only to be defiled again
by foreign invaders, and finally destroyed completely by the Romans in
the year 70 AD.
It was prophesied in the Old Testament that the time would come
when the glory of the Lord would fill all creation. It was foretold that
in the time of the Messianic King, God would dwell in men as in His
holy temple. The ritual sacrifices of the temple would cease, as the
perfect and everlasting covenant of mercy and peace would be
accomplished between God and man (see Isa 55:3, 61:1-11, 66:18-23, Jer 31:31-34. Ezek 34:22-31, 37:24-28).
When Jesus came, the new and everlasting covenant between God
and man was established forever. The temple of God became the body of
Christ, which was the assembly of His people filled with the Holy Spirit
of God. Indeed, one of the accusations against Jesus at the time of His
crucifixion was that He said that He would destroy the temple in
Jerusalem.
The Passover of the Jews was at hand, and
Jesus went up to Jerusalem. In the temple He found those who were
selling oxen and sheep and pigeons, and the money-changers at their
business. And making a whip of cords, He drove them all, with the sheep
and oxen, out of the temple; and He poured out the coins of the
money-changers and overturned their tables. And Ne told those who sold
the pigeons, "Take these things away; you shall not make my Father's
house a house of trade." His disciples remembered that it was written,
"Zeal for thy house will consume me." The Jews then said to Him, "What
sign have you to show us for doing this?" Jesus answered them, "Destroy
this temple, and in three days 1 will raise it up." The Jews then said,
"It has taken forty-six years to build this temple, and will you raise
it up in three days?" But He spoke of the temple of His body. When
therefore He was raised from the dead, His disciples remembered that He
had said this; and they believed the scripture and the word which Jesus
had spoken. (Jn 2:13-22)
Now the chief priests and the whole council sought false
testimony against Jesus that they might put Him to death, but they found
none, though many false witnesses came forward. At last two came
forward and said, "This fellow said, 'I am able to destroy the temple of
God, and to build it in three days."' And the high priest stood up and
said, "Have you no answer to make? What is it that these men testify
against you?" But Jesus was silent. And the high priest said to Him, "I
adjure you by the living God, tell us if you are the Christ, the Son of
God." Jesus said to him, "You have said so. But I tell you, hereafter
you will see the Son of man seated at the right hand of Power, and
coming on the clouds of heaven." (Mt 26:59-64)
In Christ, the Messiah, human persons become the temple of the Living
God. The deacon Stephen, the first Christian martyr, bore witness to
this and died for his testimony (see Acts 7:44-59). The apostle Paul
also taught this explicitly, as did the apostle Peter.
But now in Christ Jesus you who once were far
off have been brought near in the blood of Christ. For He is our peace,
who has made us both one, and has broken down the dividing wall of
hostility, by abolishing in His flesh the law of commandments and
ordinances, that He might create in Himself one new man in place of two,
so making peace, and might reconcile us both to God in one body through
the cross, thereby bringing the hostility to an end. And He came and
preached peace to you who were far off and peace to those who were near;
for through Him we both have access in one Spirit to the Father. So
then you are no longer strangers and sojourners, but you are fellow
citizens with the saints and members of the household of God, built upon
the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Christ Jesus Himself being
the cornerstone, in whom the whole structure is joined together and
grows into a holy temple in the Lord; in whom you also are built into it
for a dwelling place of God in the Spirit. (Eph 2: 13-22)
Do you not know that you are God's temple and that God's Spirit
dwells in you? If any one destroys God's temple, God will destroy him.
For God's temple is holy, and that temple you are. (1 Cor 3:16-17)
Come to Him, to that living stone, rejected by men but in God's
sight chosen and precious; and like living stones be yourselves built
into a spiritual house, to be a holy priesthood, to offer spiritual
sacrifices acceptable to God through Jesus Christ. For it stands in
scripture: "Behold, I am laying in Zion a stone, a cornerstone chosen
and precious, and he who believes in Him will not be put to shame." (1
Pet 2:4-6)
Jesus Christ is not only the living temple of
God -- God Himself in human flesh -- through whom all men become God's
temple in the Holy Spirit; Jesus is also the one great high priest and the one perfect sacrificial offering,
Who assumes and fulfills the entire Levitical priesthood of the Old
Testament which was merely a "shadow" of the "reality" to come. Upon the
cross, Jesus sacrificed Himself. He rose from the dead and entered the
sanctuary in heaven. After this, there is no other priesthood and no
other sacrifice well-pleasing to God (see Heb 6-10).
But when Christ appeared as a high priest of
the good things that have come, then through the greater and more
perfect tabernacle (not made with hands, that is, not of this creation)
He entered once for all into the Holy place, taking not the blood of
goats and calves but His own blood, thus securing an eternal redemption.
For if the sprinkling of defiled persons with the blood of goats and
bulls and with the ashes of a heifer sanctifies for the purification of
the flesh, how much more shall the blood of Christ, who through the
eternal Spirit offered Himself without blemish to God, purify your
conscience from dead works to serve the living God. (Heb 9:11-14)
For Christ has entered, not into a sanctuary made with hands, a
copy of the true one, but into heaven itself, now to appear in the
presence of God on our behalf. Nor was it to offer Himself repeatedly,
as the high priest enters the Holy Place yearly with blood not his own;
for then He would have had to suffer repeatedly since the foundation of
the world. But as it is, He has appeared once for all at the end of the
age to put away sin by the sacrifice of Himself. And just as it is
appointed for men to die once, and after that comes judgment, so Christ,
having been offered once to bear the sins of many, will appear a second
time, not to deal with sin, but to save those who are eagerly waiting
for Hint. (Heb 9:24-28)
Consequently, when Christ came into die world, He said,
"Sacrifices and offerings thou hast not desired, but a body h ast thou
prepared for me; in burnt offerings and sin offerings thou hast taken no
pleasure. Then I said, 'lo, I have come to do thy will, O God,' as it
is written of me in the roll of the book." When He said above, "Thou
hast neither desired nor taken pleasure in sacrifices and offerings and
burnt offerings and sin offerings" (these are offered according to the
law), then He added, "Lo, I have come to do thy will." He abolishes the
first in order to establish the second. And by that will we have been
sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for
all. And every priest stands daily at His service, offering repeatedly
the same sacrifices, which can never take away sins. But when Christ had
offered for all time a single sacrifice for sins, He sat down at the
right hand of God, then to wait until His enemies should be made a stool
for His feet. For by a single offering He has perfected for all time
those who are sanctified. (Heb 10:5-14)
In the Church of Christ, there is only one priesthood and one sacrifice.
It is the priesthood of Jesus and the sacrifice of the Cross. The
entire Church of Christ is a "royal priesthood" (1 Pet 2:4).
The ordained clergy of the Church exists to manifest and realize the
unique priesthood of Jesus in the community which is the "body of
Christ" (1 Cor 12:27).
In the Kingdom of God, Christ, the great High Priest and Lamb will rule. He Who "was dead and is alive again" (Rev 2:8) will govern all creation which will be the dwelling place of God.
And I saw no temple in the heavenly city, for
its temple is the Lord God the Almighty and the Lamb. And the city has
no need of sun or moon to shine upon it, for the glory of God is its
light, and its lamp is the Lamb. By its light shall the nations walk;
and the kings of the earth shall bring their glory into it, and its
gates shall never be shut by day -- and there shall be no night there;
they shall bring into it the glory and the honor of the nations. But
nothing unclean shall enter it, nor any one who practices abomination or
falsehood, but only those who are written in the Lamb's book of life.
(Rev 21:22-27)
Thus, the Old Testament temple, the priesthood and the sacrifices are
all fulfilled in Christ Who is Himself the Temple and the Priest and the
Sacrificed Lamb of the Kingdom of God which exists for His People whom
He has made "a kingdom, priests to His God and Father" (Rev 1:16, 6:10).
From:The Orthodox Faith by Fr. Thomas Hopko
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